Today, many different methods are applied for the correct use of foods and to prevent their deterioration. Ensuring healthy conditions for people in food consumption and consumption of healthy foods is very important for human welfare. In this study, food spoilage, the factors that cause food spoilage, its effects on a global basis, food transport systems (cold chain) and measures that prevent or delay food spoilage are discussed.

In this paper, controlling Microbial degradation of water based metalworking system fluid, emulsion oil, is investigated using glutaraldehyde as biocide. Microbial Population was determined through colony counting method. Evaluation and results demonstrate that a 15 day treatment by glutaraldehyde results in higher resistance to Microbial deterioration. Analysis of variance through multiple comparison tests was conducted and Least Significant Difference (LSD) was determined. An overall observed paired difference between the first and second treatment is significant; therefore, the first treatment, with an addition of glutaraldehyde every 15 days is suggested.

Background: Microbes particularly bacteria presenting in the gut of haematophagous insects may have an important role in the epidemiology of human infectious disease.Methods: The Microbial flora of gut and surrounding environmental of a laboratory strain of Phlebotomus papatasi, the main vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in the old world, was investigated. Biochemical reactions and 16s rDNA sequencing of the isolated bacteria against 24 sugars and amino acids were used for bacteria species identification. Common mycological media used for fungi identification as well.Results: Most isolates belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae, a large, heterogeneous group of gram-negative rods whose natural habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and animals. Enterobacteriaceae groups included Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Leminorella, Pantoea, Proteus, Providencia, Rahnella, Serratia, Shigella, Tatum ella, and Yersinia and non Enterobacteriaceae groups included Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. The most prevalent isolates were Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris. These saprophytic and swarming motile bacteria were isolated from all immature, pupae, and mature fed or unfed male or female sand flies as well as from larval and adult food sources. Five fungi species were also isolated from sand flies, their food sources and colonization materials where Candida sp. was common in all mentioned sources.Conclusion: Midgut micro biota are increasingly seen as an important factor for modulating vector competence in insect vectors so their possible effects of the mirobiota on the biology of P. papatasi and their roles in the sand fly- Leis hmania interaction are discussed.

Background & Aims: Antidepressants are very common therapeutic agents in medicine. Design and using new antidepressants have built a new scope for depression treatment. Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant but it is used as an anti-smoke agent widely due to its smoke cessation. Its effectiveness in producing smoking cessation seems independent of its antidepressant effects. The study of synaptic effects of bupropion can reveal its mechanism for nicotine dependence cessation. This study has tested the effects of bupropion on evoked responses of rat hippocampal slices.Materials & Methods: 16 hippocampal slices from 18-25 old age rat pops were tested. The hippocampal slices have been prepared according to standard techniques. Bupropion was perfused in ACSF (2 mmol) for 30 minutes. The amplitude of Population spikes (PS) amplitude of Stratum Radiatum was measured before and after bupropion perfusion. Amplitude of PS before bupropion perfusion fitted as 100% for baseline.Results: Bupropion (2 mmol) abolished PS of all slices for different periods. PS disappeared in 37.5% of slices for 1 hour, 25% for 1.5 hour, 12.5 % for 2 hour, and 25% for 4 hour or more. Bupropion disappeared PS 5-15 minutes after perfusion.Conclusion: Bupropion abolished or decreased PS amplitude. The results have showed that bupropion can decreases LTP or synaptic plasticity and alters the synaptic behavior in drug dependence.

Continuous bioreactors are critical unit operations in a wide variety of biotechnological processes. Due to the level of detail built in their mathematical formulation, cell Population balance models represent the most accurate way of describing the Microbial Population heterogeneity in continuous bioreactor. In this work, the equation set of the model was solved numerically using rigorous’space-time conservation element and solution element' CE/SE method. MATLAB/Simulink preexisting blocks are used for modeling and control of the different moments of cell mass distribution in a continuous bioreactor. For investigating the efficiency of automatic controller, 10% increase in maximum specific growth rate in Ks, was considered. The set point for zeroth, first and second moments of distribution were taken to be; M0,sp=0.6706, M1,sp=0.1541, M2,sp=0.0505, which correspond to a dilution rate of 0.953 h-1 and 0.6 h-1. In the first case the controller response after 10 hours was (0.92 h-1±.05), (0.87 h-1±0.4) and (0.92 h-1±0.2). For the second case the controller response was close to set point (0.6 h-1±.001) after 20 hours.

Pickle fermentation is a natural process in which microorganisms could affect the quality of the product. Amongst, Lactobacillus plantarum strains that improve the quality of fermented pickle. In this study, in order to produce safe and desirable fermented pickle, local cucumbers were immersed in 5% and 7% (w/v) brine solutions. The samples were inoculated with 0, 4×106, 4 ×107 and 6 ×108 cfu/ml of L. plantarum. The samples were kept at ambient temperature for 15 days followed by 30 days storage at 4oC and 25oC. The bacterial Populations were analyzed during the aforementioned stages of fermentation and storage. According to the results, the maximum quantity (8.57 log10 cfu/ml) of L. plantarum was observed in the 9 day of fermentation and in the samples inoculated with 6×108 cfu/ml and kept in 5% brine solution. Moreover, compared to the other samples, the Population of yeasts and aerobic mesophilic count were the least in the samples inoculated with 6×108 cfu/ml of L. plantarumand stored in 7% brine solution. During the storage period, the Population of L. plantarum, yeasts and aerobic mesophilic in the samples stored at 25oC were higher than the samples stored at 4oC. Results revealed that in the 30 day of storage, the highest load (5.47 log10 cfu/ml) of L. plantarumwas observed in the samples kept in 7% brine solution at 4oC. It was concluded that providing the condition that favors the appropriate growth of L. plantarum could help to hinder the growth of undesirable organisms in fermented pickle.